As in all other Turkish towns, the main street in Alanya is named after the country’s first president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. At the big roundabout in the main street, not far from the post office, you will find the Atatürk statue.
Beside Atatürk are two small children – a symbol of Turkey's future. Beneath the statue is written Peace in the country, peace in the world.
Because of its strategic location, the statue has become a popular meeting point. It also provides a great photographic opportunity for you to be pictured beside Atatürk, Father of the Turks.
Following the renovation of the harbour and parking area in front of The Red Tower, another, much smaller, statue of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was erected.
Sunday, December 21, 2008
Alanya Ataturk Statue
Keykubat Statue turkey
The Statue of Sultan Keykubat stands at the western approaches of Alanya and is one of the first sights greeting the buses arriving from the airport. The Seljuk Sultan ruled Alanya in the 13th century. The statue shows Alaaddin Keykubat astride his horse ordering the Seljuk troops to attack.
Alaaddin Keykubat is mainly known for the construction of The Red Tower and the completion of Alanya Castle.
The Red Tower Alanya Turkey
After battling for five years, Sultan Alaaddin Keykubat finally conquered Alanya and had The Red Tower built primarily to defend the town`s shipyard. The Red Tower is one the town`s main attractions and landmarks. It was illustrated on the old Turkish bank notes with a value of 250,000 trl.
The octagonal (eight sided) tower was finished in 1226 and is 33 metres high with five floors. The lowest floor these days often houses exhibitions, for example historical collections of fabrics, work tools, weapons or other items from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods.
Characteristic of the Red Tower are the oblong embrasures, which can be seen on all sides of the tower. Soldiers in the tower could defend themselves without being hit and, if attackers approached too closely, boiling water or other unpleasant substances could be poured out through the small openings.
Alanya Shipyard Turkey
The shipyard, consisting of five docks and constructed in 1226 by the Sultan Alaaddin Keykubat, is 56 metres long and 44 metres deep. The entrance to the shipyard is behind the Red Tower. The shipyard also contains offices and a little mosque located on the left of the entrance.
At night all these buildings are illuminated creating a fantastic sight.
The shipyard can be visited at closer quarters by renting a small fishing boat. A trip around the rocky peninsula, where you can see the shipyard, the lovers cave, the pirates cave and the phosphorous cave, costs approximately 10 euros.
Alanya Castle Turkey
High above the rest of the city is the old castle. It is located approximately 250 metres above sea level and so the views from there are breathtaking.
It is difficult to confirm the exact foundation date of the castle but contributions from the Romans, Byzantines and Seljuks are there to be seen. However the biggest influence on the size and shape of the castle can be ascribed to the Seljuk Sultan Alaaddin Keykubat.
A 6km town wall with 140 watch towers winds around the castle. It made it almost impossible for would-be attackers to go undiscovered. On the way up the winding and sometimes very steep road you will find small cafes and cosy restaurants.
Near the sultan palace you can visit a church/mosque which is a very important relic of the Christian and Islamic heritage of the town.
You can also visit the area of the castle where many prisoners from the castle’s dungeons met their fate. When the dungeons became overcrowded, the prisoners who had been there the longest were packed together on a little platform at the edge of the castle. One by one the prisoners pushed each other over the edge until only one was left. He then got three shots at throwing a stone over the edge and into the sea. If he failed he too was pushed over the edge with certain death as a result!
The road to the castle is very narrow and busy and therefore care should be taken when walking.
Damlatas Cave (turkey alanya)
During blasting work for the construction of Alanya Harbour in 1948, engineers found the Damlatas cave. Today the cave is one of the town's most popular attractions. The cave has a constant temperature of 22-23 degrees Celsius and humidity level of more than 90 %. There are also stalagmites and stalactites which are several thousand years old. The climate in the cave is said to be therapeutic for those with respiratory problems, especially asthma sufferers. Doctors can prescribe visits to the cave and time is reserved every morning for their patients
Saturday, December 20, 2008
Turkey Alanya Museum
The museum displays the most important and best preserved discoveries from the whole Alanya region and the collection expands each year as new objects from different excavations are recovered.
In the ethnographical section coins from the Lydian, Roman and Ottoman periods are displayed. Taking pride of place in this area is a statue in bronze of the hero Hercules from Greek mythology.
The statue was originally discovered 35 kilometres from Alanya and attempts were made to smuggle it out of Turkey. This was prevented at the last moment and the 51.5 cm high statue of fine bronze can therefore be seen at the museum today.
The ethnographical section also houses several pots found in the sea. It is possible to see how houses were furnished in the past and there is a fine collection of weapons, woven carpets, old Korans, articles of clothing and even a beautifully decorated library.
The archeological section of the museum is outdoors and just as interesting as the ethnographical section. It is laid out as a large garden with flowers and animals.
In the garden there are examples of different graveyards from the Greek, Roman, Seljuk and Ottoman periods. Although some locals believe the graveyards are real, this is not the case!
Furthermore it is possible to see how the production of olive oil took place in the past.
istanbul Ayasofya Museum
Agia Sophia, the Church of God's Wisdom as it was known, was closely identified with the life of Byzantium and its renowned capital Constantinople, today's Istanbul. Agia Sophia has been for many centuries the symbol of Christianity and of divine power throughout the Byzantine Empire and the Christian world.
Built on a hill near Bosporus, in the area of Constantinople that also housed the Great Palace, the Hippodrome and the Augusteum, the "Great Church" for centuries served as the center of Ecclesiastical life for Christendom.
In times of crises, such as sieges, starvation and epidemics, all Christians, Catholic and Orthodox, sought salvation and Holy Grace from the Basilica of Agia Sophia.
Agia Sophia as we know it today was built by Byzantine Emperor Justinian and it accommodated 23,000 people. Its splendor, according to Byzantine writers of the time was without equal. Nothing like it was built before or after. The "Great Church" was dedicated to Jesus Christ the "Wisdom of God", and celebrated its feast day on Christmas (December 25).
Agia Sophia was consecrated in a magnificent ceremony on December 27, 537, A.D., by Emperor Justinian and Patriarch Minas. When the Emperor entered the Church through the royal gates he was so stunned by the grandeur of his work that he turned to heaven and exclaimed "Glory to God that I have been judged worthy of such work. Oh, Solomon I have surpassed thee!" referring to the magnificent Temple King Solomon had built in Jerusalem. Succeeding Emperors maintained the vast complex of Agia Sophia and enriched it with priceless gifts.
The "Great Church" remained as the mother church of Christianity and the symbol of the Orthodox Christian faith until the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The Fall of Constantinople to the Turkish forces led by Sultan Mohammed II on May 29, 1453, interrupted the functioning of Agia Sophia as a Christian Church. By the time Mohammed the "Conqueror" entered Agia Sophia to "pray" a few days after the conquest, the Holy Christian Basilica had already been converted into a mosque.
The conversion of Agia Sophia to a mosque meant that both the interior and the exterior of the "Great Church" underwent significant alterations. The cross above the dome was replaced with a crescent and the first minaret was erected. The magnificent icon of Jesus Christ the Pantocrator (The Almighty) within the dome was gilded over, the altar and icons were removed and the irreplaceable majestic mosaics on the walls of the church were plastered over. In the 553 years of captivity, many Ottoman Sultans showed particular interest in embellishing and maintaining Agia Sophia as a Mosque. Changes were carried out under Sultan Salim II when a second minaret was built. Two more minarets were constructed during the reign of Sultan Murat III.
With the end of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the "modern" Turkish State, the use of Agia Sophia as a mosque came to an end.
In May 1934, the government of Turkey converted Agia Sophia into a museum. Today, the mother Church of Christianity, the Great Church of God's Holy Wisdom, functions as a pseudo museum with the title "Ayasofya Muzesi" hosting local and international trade shows, musical concerts, exhibitions, tourist photo ops and other sacrilegious commercial activities.
Turkey Ethnography Museum
The Etnografya M?(Ethnography Museum) is housed in a stunning old mansion, formerly a hospital. It features accurate reconstructions of salons from Ottoman homes, including a bridal chamber. There is also a good collection of popular folkloric art, ceramics, copper utensils, and traditional costumes and decorative fabrics.
Turkey Hierapolis Archeology Museum
Hierapolis Archeology Museum.
One of the largest buildings of Hierapolis Ancient Town was the Roman Bath. Since 1984 this building has been used as the Hierapolis Archeology Museum. Alongside works of art from the excavations at Hierapolis are finds from Laodicea, Colossae, Tripolis, Attuda and other towns of the Lycus (Ǽr?Valley.
In addition, the museum has a large section devoted to artifacts found at Beycesultan H? that includes some of the most beautiful examples of Bronze Age crafts.Material which has come the surface in the Caria, Pisidia and Lydia regions are also on display in the museum. The museum's exhibition space consists of the three closed areas of the Hierapolis Bath and the open areas on the eastern side which are known to have been the library and the gymnasium. Many of the large exhibits and all the small exhibits are shown in rooms A, B and C that were the three closed sections of the bath. Marble and other stone artifacts are exhibited in the garden.
Turkey Blue Cave (kas)
The Blue Cave.The entrance to the Blue Cave can be seen at its location two kilometers to the East, beyond beautiful Kaputa? Beach. This cave has the distinction of being the largest known sea cave in Turkey (50 m. long, 35 m. wide and 17 m. high) and before the frequent intrusion of tourists it was inhabited by Mediterranean seals. Again the deep blue color is especially remarkable when looking out to sea from the inside of the cave and this effect is enhanced when diving with a mask.
Turkey Guvercin Cave
Guvercin cave (Güvercin Mağarası)
This cave is placed opposite the Guvercinlik cave which is a bit cool due to streams flowing under the sea. Due to narrow enterance , you can only enter this cave through swimming.
Turkey Eumenia
EUMENIA
The ancient city is located in Isikli Town, which is on the Civril-Dinar Highway. It was built in honor of the King of Pergamum, Eumenes II. Ancient signs can be seen southwest of the town next to the water source, especially on the hill, which is called Saribaba Tekkesi today. The castle dates from the Byzantine Period. The Necropolis of Eumenia is located in the foothills.
Turkey Herakleia Salbace
HERAKLEİA SALBACE
The ancient city is within Medet Village's border, which is 10 km northwest of Tavas Town. The city center was situated mostly on the north where the city walls were. Herakleia Salbace was located on the Phrygia-Caria Border on Mt. Babadag's southern foothills which overlook the Tavas Plain. It's known as Karia City. Aphrodisias and Caria Cities are next to each other and the natural border is the Tmelos (Kirpinar) Creek. The river god was Tmelos in both cities. Herakleia is the modern city of its period and its neighbors were Aphrodisias on the west, Apollonia and Tabae on the south, Sebastopolis and Kidramos on the southeast. Important ruins include Roman Period city walls and a stadium.
Stadium: It's between the city walls and Vakif Village. It extends east to west and there are steps at the end of the stadium. The steps on west side are completely destroyed.
Herakleia Hieron : The rectangular Hieron is located on the top of Mt. Babadag, 4 km east of the ancient city and 1 km northeast of Tavas-Kizilcaboluk Town' s Oren Sirti and Kocapinar Area. It is covered with embossed tablets. There are mythological stages about Artemis, Apollon, Pan, Dionysos, and Herakles. It dates from the 1st century AD (Roman Period). There are symbols of zodiac constellations on triangular tablets. Aphrodisias Masters built the temple. The owner of the temple was an important administrator of Herakleia Salbace City and he tried to portray himself as close to the gods. Hieron is also on a mound. Hand tools that were found here are exhibited in the Archeological Museum in Pamukkale.
Turkey Apollon Lermonos Temple
Apollon Lermenos Temple
It's 4 km from Bahadirlar Village-Cal Town. The Temple was built in a rectangular plan on a hill which overlooks the Menderes River. The ground floor is in Hellenistic style; the rest of it is in Roman Style. There are columns standing on the south side of the temple and parts of the portico are still standing on the west side.
According to an inscription, the temple's portico was built by the slaves of the Apollon Lermenos Temple and dedicated to Apollon. According to pedestals of the statues, the temple was a famous and important religious center. The symbol of the center is the double axe of Apollon Lermenos.
Turkey Hierapolis Antik kent
Hierapolis was named after Hiera, the wife of Telephos, founder of Pergamum in mythology. It's about 20 km north of Denizli. It is called a Holy City in Archeological literature, because there were many temples and religious buildings in Hierapolis. The ancient city is situated between several historical areas. According to the ancient geographers, Strabon and Ptolemaios, Hierapolis was very close to Laodicea and Tripolis which was in Kario's Border. That's why it was a Phrygian City. There is no information about Hierapolis' history before the Hellenistic Era, but we know there was a city there before then. It's called Hierapolis because of its Mother goddess Cult.
Information about Hierapolis is limited. It is known that the king of Pergamum, Eumenes II, founded the city in 190 BC. It was named Hierapolis after the Amazon's Queen Hiera, the wife of Telephos, the founder of Pergamum. (Pergamum is also called Pergamon or Pergamos). Hierapolis was completely destroyed by the earthquake in 60 A.D. during the time of Roman Emperor Nero. During the reconstruction after the earthquake, the city lost its Hellenistic Style and became a typical Roman City. Right after the Roman period started, Hierapolis became an important center because of its commercial and religious position.
In 80 A.D. St. Philip came to Hierapolis and was murdered by the Jewish inhabitants. Hierapolis was conquered by the Turks at the end of the 12th century A.D.
Marmaris Fortress (Marmaris Kalesi)
Marmaris Archaeology Museum gives service in a historical place, in Marmaris fort.
Marmaris Fort has been restored between the years 1980 - 1990 and has been opened to service as Marmaris Museum in 1991. It has seven closed places. The cradle vaulted entrance is opening to the inner garden. The stairs on the right and left of the courtyard provides access to the city walls. Two of the closed areas that are covered with cradle vault are arranged as Archaeology halls. In these halls and in the garden, the stone opuses collected in the region, amphora belonging to the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods, candles, bottles, figurines made of cooked soil, various pots and glass opuses, arrow ends, coins and ornamental goods found in the Knidos, Burgaz, Hisar?excavations are being exhibited. In the ethnography hall, weavings, carpets, kilims, furniture, copper kitchen tools, guns and ornamental goods are exhibited. The places other than those halls are used as an art gallery, an office and a depot.
Marmaris Fort has been restored between the years 1980 - 1990 and has been opened to service as Marmaris Museum in 1991. It has seven closed places. The cradle vaulted entrance is opening to the inner garden. The stairs on the right and left of the courtyard provides access to the city walls. Two of the closed areas that are covered with cradle vault are arranged as Archaeology halls. In these halls and in the garden, the stone opuses collected in the region, amphora belonging to the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods, candles, bottles, figurines made of cooked soil, various pots and glass opuses, arrow ends, coins and ornamental goods found in the Knidos, Burgaz, Hisar?excavations are being exhibited. In the ethnography hall, weavings, carpets, kilims, furniture, copper kitchen tools, guns and ornamental goods are exhibited. The places other than those halls are used as an art gallery, an office and a depot.
istanbul Maiden Fortress
Kız Kulesi
The Leanders tower which is one of the symbols of Istanbul dates back to 341 BC. There are several stories told about Kız kulesi which is named ?Leander?s Tower? by westerns. The most widespread story is about the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor who was killed by a snake hidden in a basket of figs which was brought to the tower from land. That is why, the tower is named Maidens Tower.
If we look further into the history we understand that this place was called ?Leandros?. Leandros fell in love with Hera who was one of the nuns of Aphrodit. Leandros swam to the Maidens Tower to see his dear one. One day he was defeated by the storm and the waves and died. Hera could not cope with this grief and killed herself. Fatih Sultan Mehmet had the tower demolished after he conquered Istanbul and had it erected anew and placed his soldiers here. The tower with was demolished by the earthquake in 1509 was rebuilt. The Tower served as light house in 1600.
In 1726 Damat Ibrahim Paşa equipped the Maidens tower with stone buildings and used the tower as a prison for a short period. It was used as a quarantine station when cholera broke out in 1830. Mahmut II had the tower re-erected. The square shaped big tower was covered with a multi edge , windowed cap raised from a gallery surrounded with a balustrade and equipped with a flagpole. During the Republic period the tower was used to provide sea transport safety. The Maiden?s tower which was restored between 1943-1945 serves today as restaurant and night club. There are daily regular boat services from Salacak to the tower.
Turkey apollo Temple
Side has great temples from the Roman period. Especially two of them are located by the sea near the harbor; one was dedicated to Athena and other one to Apollo. They were entirely built of marble in peripteros plan with Corinthian style capitals.
In the 5th century AD a large Christian basilica was built in front of these temples, which were destroyed during the Arab raids in Asia Minor around the 7th century.
In the 5th century AD a large Christian basilica was built in front of these temples, which were destroyed during the Arab raids in Asia Minor around the 7th century.
Friday, December 19, 2008
Turkey Kekova island
Giving its name to the whole area, this long island stretches four miles before Kalekoy and is filled with historical ruins. At the southwestern end of the island is Tersane Bay where yachts may approach. On the southern side of. the bay are traces of sunken shops whose rooms are still discernible today. Leaving the jetty I one encounters by the apse of a Byzantine church. Though the place is full of ruins, no excavations have been carried out on this island, little is known about its history.
On the landward side of Kekova Island, j may see the ruins of a sunken city. Following shore, we see that half of the houses are submerJ and that the stairways descend into the water. The foundations of buildings and houses can also be seen in the sea.
Turkey Fethiye - Telmessos
Situated on the slopes of Mendos Mountain, Fethiye was established on top of ancient Telmessos on the shore of Fethiye Gulf. For this reason, the majority of the ruins have remained under this quaint district. Because of the abundance of accommodation facilities, captivatingly beautiful coves and significant development in yacht tourism in recent years, Fethiye represents the center of excursion in the Western Lycian region. Fethiye, which is located 50 kilometers from Dalaman Airport, can be reached by highway from Mugla, Denizli and Antalya and can also be reached by sea. Those staying in Fethiye, which is chock full of history , nature and sea, can easily wander out to the ancient cities in the vicinity, such as Cadyanda, Pmara, Tlos, Sidyma, Xanthos, Letoon and Patara. Here, the temperature does not go below 16° C, and one can frolic in the surf for up to nine months a year.
The town, which gets its name from Telmessos, the son of the god Apollo, was captured by the Persian King, Harpagos and was annexed to the Carian Satrap. In the Sth century in the tribute-lists of the Delian Confederacy, Telmessos and the Lycians are listed separately; and in the 4th century we fmd the Lycians under their dynast Pericles fighting against the Telmessians, besieging them and reducing them to terms. The result of this may have been that Telmessos was then brought into Lycia, since the geographer who passes under the name of Scylax, writing in the same century, reckons the city as Lycian.
When Alexander arrived in the winter of 334-333 B.C., he made a peace agreement with the Telmessians, who readily joined him. Not long afterwards, however, Nearchus the Cretan, one of his trusted 'Companions' whom he had appointed satrap of the region, was obliged to recapture the city from a certain Antipatrides, who had gained control of it. The two men were old friends, and Nearchus asked permission to leave in the city a number of captive women singers and boys that he had with him. When this was granted, he gave the women's musical instruments to the boys to carry, with daggers concealed in the flute-cases; when the party was inside the citadel, the prisoners' escort took out the weapons and so seized the acropolis. This is described by the historian as a stratagem; others might call it sharp practice.
In 240 B.C., Telmessos was presented by Ptolemy ill to another Ptolemy, son of Lysimachus; and at the settlement in 189 B.C. after the battle of Magnesia; it was given by the Romans to Eumenes of Pergamum, but 'the lands which had belonged to Ptolemy' were allowed to remain in his hands. So far as we know, Telmessos continued in the Pergamene Kingdom until that came to an end in 133 B.C.; it would then naturally be included in the Roman province of Asia. In 88 B.C., we hear that the Rhodians received help 'from the Telmessians and from the Lydans', implying that the dty was not then included in Lyda. Later, certainly under the Empire and perhaps earlier, Telmessos was a normal member of the Lycian League. After the Mithridates wars, Telmessos was given to Rhodes. Like the other Lydan dties during this period. Telmessos also complained about Rhodian administration, and subsequently Rome retook Lycia back from Rhodes.
The city, which continued its existence into the Byzantine era, had lost its significance with the Arabian raids which occurred after the 7th century. In the 8th century, the city's name was changed to Anastasiupolis in honor of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius 11; by the following century this too gave way to the name Makri, which meant 'far city'. Later on, the city was called Megri, whereas Megri was fmally changed to today's Fethiye in 1934, to commemorate the flfSt Turkish pilot, Fethi Bey.
C. Texier, who saw Telmessos in the 1850's, indicated that the Apollo Temple and theater could be second devastating quake just over one hundred years later, in 1957, these ruins were completely destroyed. Today's Fethiye is what was built up after this second temblor more than forty years ago. Today, the theater, which was found near the quay of new Fethiye, has been uncovered. This theater, which was built in the Early Roman period and was renovated in the 2nd century A.D., had the capacity to hold 5,000 people.
A medieval castle situated on the acropolis hill, where the city was first established, is surrounded by a wall. Today, one can see the bottom portion of the wall, which was erected by Rome as well as the upper part, which was constructed during the Middle Ages. Whereas, the Rhodian Knights used this castle as well as Sovalye Island, located in the harbor, to hold the city under their control.
The Tomb of Amyntas, which is the most splendid and best known of all the tombs, is located on the east face of the city's acropolis and has become the symbol of Fethiye. Seen from the plain below, it gives a great impression of size from up close. It is of the temple-type, in the Ionic order. Four steps lead up to the porch with two columns between pilasters; halfway up the left-hand pilaster is inscribed, in letters of the 4th century B.C., the name of Amyntas, son of Hermapias. C. Texier I who saw this tomb in the 1850's, apparently wished to document the fact that he saw it as he signed the left upper comer of the grave door.
In the cliff-face further to the left are numerous other tombs; two of these are temple-tombs similar to that of Amyntas, and little less impressive. There are also a number of Lycian-type sarcophagi within the city. One of these is situated on the street directly below these stone monuments, while the other stands besides the municipal building near the quay. The sarcophagus next to the municipal building is one of the few sarcophagi with reliefs that has managed to remain intact to the present. Both sides of the lid and of the surmounting crest carry reliefs showing rows of warriors with shields in their hands, with a man sitting in an armchair wearing long clothing on the right side. The ends of the lid are divided into four panels. This sarcophagus, which was erected around 340 B.C., used to have reliefs on the bottom part as well, which is understood from the drawings of both Sir Charles Fellows and C. Texier. In addition, there are two sarcophagi from the 4th century that are located in the Cumhuriyet District, one of which has reliefs. However, these reliefs are in poor condition. The area around Fethiye is filled with many ancient cities. For instance, to the north-west of the E~n Stream, about 45 kilometers outside Fethiye, lie the Pmara ruins in the village of Minare, which have some interesting Lycian rock tombs. Here ancient structures, such as the theater, odeion and temple are practically all intact. Again, in the ruins of Sidyma, which are found in the village of Dodurga to the south of E~en Stream, are some tomb monuments worth seeing. One should also pay a visit to the ancient city of Tlos, which can be found in the village of Yaka about 40 kilometers outside Fethiye. Tlos, which was one of the six major Lycian cities, offers a striking view with its theater, baths, agora and stadium.
In the cliff-face further to the left are numerous other tombs; two of these are temple-tombs similar to that of Amyntas, and little less impressive. There are also a number of Lycian-type sarcophagi within the city. One of these is situated on the street directly below these stone monuments, while the other stands besides the municipal building near the quay. The sarcophagus next to the municipal building is one of the few sarcophagi with reliefs that has managed to remain intact to the present. Both sides of the lid and of the surmounting crest carry reliefs showing rows of warriors with shields in their hands, with a man sitting in an armchair wearing long clothing on the right side. The ends of the lid are divided into four panels. This sarcophagus, which was erected around 340 B.C., used to have reliefs on the bottom part as well, which is understood from the drawings of both Sir Charles Fellows and C. Texier. In addition, there are two sarcophagi from the 4th century that are located in the Cumhuriyet District, one of which has reliefs. However, these reliefs are in poor condition. The area around Fethiye is filled with many ancient cities. For instance, to the north-west of the E~n Stream, about 45 kilometers outside Fethiye, lie the Pmara ruins in the village of Minare, which have some interesting Lycian rock tombs. Here ancient structures, such as the theater, odeion and temple are practically all intact. Again, in the ruins of Sidyma, which are found in the village of Dodurga to the south of E~en Stream, are some tomb monuments worth seeing. One should also pay a visit to the ancient city of Tlos, which can be found in the village of Yaka about 40 kilometers outside Fethiye. Tlos, which was one of the six major Lycian cities, offers a striking view with its theater, baths, agora and stadium.
Just like today, people hundreds of years ago liked this beautiful region and settled in it. There are also some ancient settlements within the Fethiye Gulf. Among them are Krya, above Bedri Rahmi Cove; Lissa and Lydai, above Manastir Cove and the ancient city of DaidaIa in Inlice, on the way to Gocek.
The fabulous coves can be explored in Fethiye, which is complimented by nature and history. There is a natural beach that stretches 4 kilometers long, as well as those of Calis and Karagozler, within the city limits. Just as one can enter the sea around here, one can also take a daily excursion boat ride to check out the Fethiye coves. This 12-isIand excursion is like a dream. In addition, Gunluk, which is 19 kilometers away, Kucuk Kargi, famous for its trees, Katranci Cove, which is 17 kilometers away from Olu Deniz and Kidrak, which is 3 kilometers away from Belcekiz, is an ideal place to relax with its refreshing sea and dense pine forest. Also, Butterfly Valley, which is situated amongst the mountains 5-6 kilometers away from Olu Deniz about 350 meters high, possesses unique beauty.
As for Olu Deniz, that is a excursion route of its own. The stone houses of nearby Kayakoy, which was a large city up to the year 1925, were emptied of its Greek inhabitants after the establishment of the Turkish Republic when they returned to their homeland. Modem accommodation facilities and a shopping center have been built in Hisaronu, which is seen on the way to Kayakoy. In addition, there are enough remains on both Gemili Island and Karacaoren Island which prove just how important they were in days of antiquity. One can visit the museum in the center of the administrative district. Those who have had enough of the heat should head 50 kilometers outside of Fethiye for world-famous Sakli Kent Canyon, an 18-kilometer long trek of spectacular natural beauty. If that's not enough, then go on up to the Fethiye plateaus or even Yaka Park near Tlos to cool off. For sports lovers, one can parachute off Babadag Mountain overlooking alii Deniz, go scuba diving 12 months a year, or even paddle a raft or canoe down either Dalaman or Esen Streams. Fethiye is one of those rare spots where history and nature come together in a splendid way.
Olu Deniz
Olu Deniz is situated 17 kilometers from Fethiye and is famous for its splendid coves as well as its history. Once you come from Fethiye and pass through Hisaronu, which has become an entertainment and shopping center in recent years, you will encounter Olu Deniz' myriad of blue hues with all the beauty of the splendid hotels nestled amongst the lush greenery. It is also possible to reach Olu Deniz through Kayakoy, known in ancient times as Carmylessus. Kayakoy has remained deserted since 1925, when the Greeks living here immigrated back to Greece as a result of the population exchange that took place between the two countries. Buildings such as homes and a church in Kayakoy, which was once a relatively large town, are all in dilapidated condition.
As for getting from Fethiye to Olu Deniz by sea, a course that would take you past both Sahin Burun and Dokukbasi Burnu to the Karacaoren Islands and from there, to Gemili Island. Gemili Island is an ideal location to drop anchor. This island as well as the Karacaoren Islands are full of Roman and Byzantine ruins. There are ruins of a palace with mosaics at the top of the hill on Gemili Island, whereas there is also a 500-meter long tunnel that runs from the palace to the shore. In addition, one can make out the ruins of a church and a house amongst the island flora. An earthquake struck the island in 240 A.D., knocking a portion of it into the sea. The island is also known as the Island of St Nicholas from a church with the same name which is situated on it.
Olu Deniz, which reminds one of paradise with its motionless sea surrounded byevergreen pines, is a tourism center known throughout the world. Besides the sea and the extraordinary hotels, one can also do some parachute gliding off the top of Mt Babadag, which towers above Olu Deniz at a height of 1,975 meters. Next to Olu Deniz is the wide sandy beach of Belcegiz. Three kilometers beyond Belcegiz is Kidrak Cove with its sparkling sea which is surrounded by pine forests. Stretching back from this cove about 3-4 kilometers is Butterfly Valley, which is an interesting canyon with steep cliffs up to 350 meters high. It is called Butterfly Valley because of the fact that a particular species of butterfly called 'Jersey Tiger' is seen here every summer from July to September. The other cities of antiquity that are near here can be visited as long as one is spending the night in Olu Deniz.
The reason this heavenly place is called Olu Deniz ("The Dead Sea"' is attributed to the following legend; Once upon a time, a father and his son were caught in a storm here and were in danger of sinking. The son claimed that if they approached the rocks on the shore, they could take shelter in a cove. In the meanwhile, the father asserted that their ship would be driven onto the rocks and break up and that there were no coves around here anyway. Fearful of running aground onto the rocks, the father knocked his son, who was at the helm at the time, into the sea with an oar and took over the helm himself. Just as the ship was about to smash up on the rocky point, a calm bay opened up in front of him. This is why they say the bay is called Olu Deniz. This bay, has a point at the back part of it, whereas vessels are not permitted inside the bay, which keeps water pollution to a minimum.
Kusadasi Turkey
Although the history of Kusadasi is quite old, hardly any traces of early settlement here remain today other that a section of a cyclopean wall. The town is conveniently located for those wishing to make visits to such famous sites as Ephesos, Miletos, and Priene and so it can be for given if it lacks much in the way of history itself. Trips can also be made from Kusadasi to the ruins of the ancient oracular cities of Claros with its temple to Apollo and Teos with its temple to
Kusadasi means "Bird Island" and the town takes its name from the little island (whose name in Turkish means "Pigeon" or "Dove Island")) that is in the harbor and is now connected by a causeway to the shore. The little fort on the island was built in 1834 as a military outpost during the Morean rebellion. About the only other old buildings worth examining are the Kaleici mosque, built in 1618 and the Ottoman caravanserai built by Okuz Mehmet Pasha in 1618. The latter has been restored and is now used (appropriately enough) as a hotel.
Marmaris Turkey
Surrounded by pine-clad hills, Marmaris is located on the site of ancient Phykos of which nothing at all remains since the modern town sits atop the ruins. There are however numerous examples of Ottoman architecture from the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent since Marmaris was taken by him as part of his campaign against the island of Rhodes nearby. Among the buildings that may be seen are the castle built in 1521; a caravanserai built in 1545; Tashan, also built in the 16th century; and the Mosque of Ibrahim Agha, dated 1789.
Marmaris is deservedly better known for its natural beauty: the lace-like coastline is embellished with coves and inlets where one may go swimming, diving, or fishing. The sheltered bay is excellent for windsurfing. Accommodations, restaurants, and cafes are plentiful and tours are available to coves like Icmeler, Kumlubuk, Turunc, and Kadirga. Nearby is a sea cavern called Fosforlu (Phosphorescent). The forests of fragrant storax trees around Marmaris offer tempting picnic spots. Marmaris is a calling place on the Blue Voyage and boats may be hired here to go to Bodrum and Fethiye. Boat tours are also available to the nearby ruins of ancient Caunos. Good highway connections make it easy to visit more distant places like Knidos, Pamukkale, Aphrodisias, and even Ephesos. The Marmaris marina is amply provided with everything a yachtsman might need.
Ephesus Turkey
Ancient writers largely agree that Ephesus was founded sometime between 1500 and 1000 B.C, and this is supported by archaeological evidence at the site. Later, it appears that lonians settled in the cities of lonia. According to legend, under the leadership of Androklos, son of Kodros, the migrants arrived in Anatolia, and asked their sages where their new city should be established. The sages prophesied that a wild boar and a fish would lead them to the site of the new settlement. One day, Androklos, himself a new migrant from Greece, was cooking fish on an open fire, when a fish flew from the pan into the nearby bushes. Sparks from the fire also ignited the bushes, and as they flared up, a wild boar ran out of the bushes to escape from the flames. Androklos pursued and killed the boar. Then recalling the words of the wise men, he built his city on this site, which is at a place about 1200 metres west of the Artemision, where the original city of Ephesus was founded. The cities of lonia were later joined together in a federation entitled the Ionian confederacy. Androklos, the city's first king, died in battle with the Carians, and the Ephesians erected a memorial to their first monarch. In the 7th century B.C, Ephesus was invaded by the Cimmerians, who razed the city to the ground, and burnt what they could, including the temple of Artemis. After this, Ephesus was ruled by a series of tyrants.
Throughout its later history, consequent to this early setback, Ephesus seemed protected from harm by the gods, and prospered either through chance or through the politics of its citizens. In the 6th century B.C, the Artemis temple was restored by the Lydian King, Croesus, who resettled the inhabitants of around the temple. But when Croesus was defeated in battle with the Persians Ephesus fell under Persian rule, along with the other cities of lonia. One of the most important features of the city was that it was an important port which served to link Sardis to Susa. The Ephesians used this factor to their own advantage in many ways. Miletus, for example, had been destroyed and burnt down during the Ionian invasion, although it had been a trade rival of Ephesus. By deciding not to support the Milesians, they both strengthened their own position, and improved trade opportunities.
Alexander the Great showed a great interest in this city as he passed through Anatolia, largely because of the significance he accorded to the temple of Artemis. After Alexander, a similar interest was shown by his commander Lysimachos, who had the city's harbour, which had already begun to silt up at that time, dredged of river silt. Thanks to his efforts, the city was able to carry on as a trading centre for some time. Lysimachos also helped to build a new Ephesus as a fortified town between Mt. Pion and Mt. Koressos. These fortifications had walls 10 metres high and covered an area 9 kms. in length. The city was further expanded by migrants who moved there from Lebedos and Colophon. It was during this period that Ephesus was adorned with a theatre, a staqium and a gymnasium.
In 88 B.C., the Ephesians allied with Mithridates, the ruler of Pontus against the Romans, and succeeded in killing thousands of Roman troops, but later began to realise the extent of the Roman strength and changed sides. This made them not only an ally of Rome, but also caused Rome to appoint Ephesus as the capital of the Asian province. Until the 1st century AD., the Ephesians enjoyed generally good relations with neighbouring states and with Rome, due to successful diplomacy. However, this did not protect them from the force of an earthquake which hit the city in 17 AD, and destroyed it completely. During the reign of the emperor Tiberius, the city was reconstructed and enlarged. Later, it was adorned with shrines and other buildings during the reign of Hadrian. The new city bore the definite seal of Roman architecture, in place of the Hellenistic city. It retained its political and mercantile supremacy during this period, and began to have religious significance during the Christian era, as it was said to have been the place of residence chosen by the mother of Christ after his crucifixion. However, the harbour began to silt up once again, and it gradually declined as a trading centre. Completely blocked with silt, the city became uninhabitable, and during the reign of the Emperor Justinian (527 -564 AD.) the inhabitants moved to the hills of Ayasoluk, where the same emperor built the basilica of St. John. The new settlement, which had been fortified, fell to the Turks in 1090.
Now let us visit the Museum of Ephesus to look at the statue of Artemis Ephesia, the altar of the Temple of Domitian, the Socrates frescos and the Theodosian reliefs from the temple of Hadrian. After studying these beautiful artefacts, we may move on to the basilica of St. John on the slopes of Ayasoluk. This magnificent basilica was built during the 6th century AD. by the emperor Justinian, and dedicated to St John. The entrance to the basilica was on the western facade, and the plan of the church was cruciform. The narthex was covered with a single cupola, and the church proper with six domes supported on columns. Under the central dome was situated the tomb of St John.
On the eastern end of the church were bays arranged in a semi-circle, used by the priests during ceremonies. The floors are mosaic, and to the north of the tomb are frescos on which are depicted several of the saints. In the centre is the figure of Christ, and to his left is that of St John and a priest The basilica has been restored several times, and on the capitals of several of the columns be seen the monograms of the Emperor Justinian and the empress Theodora. In 1869, an Englishman named Wood discovered the site of the Artemision. Excavations were carried out after this in 1904 by another Englishman named Hogarth. In 1895 the temple was first excavated by an Austrian team, and it is Austrians who are presently engaged in excavational work around the site.
Mount Nemrut Turkey
Mount Nemrut is at an altitude of 2,150 m (7,053 ft) from the sea level, and the tumulus which includes the tomb of the King of Commagene, Antiochos Epiphanes the I. is there. Mithradates the I., father of Antiochos to whom the tumulus belongs, took advantage of defenselessness of the Seleukos who ruled in Syria after Alexander's death, and founded the independent kingdom of Commagene in the year 80 B.C. Mithradates the I. was succeeded by his son Antiochos the I. (62-32 B.C.) who brought great fame to his country. The King who pointed out in his inscriptions that his maternal lineage had been traced back to Alexander the Great, and his paternal lineage to the Persians, joined the two cultures for this reason. Mithradates the II. was enthroned after him, and he was succeeded by Antiochos the III, during whose reign the country became powerful. After his death, Vespasianus united Commagene to the province of Syria
The tumulus is at a distance of 65 km (40 miles) to the township of Kahta in Adiyaman; the tomb is placed in the middle of the tumulus and is covered by a small hill which has a height and diameter of 50 m (164 ft) and 150 m (492 ft) respectively and made of small pieces of stones. Terraces are built on the four sides of the tumulus. There is an altar in the eastern terrace and there are also statues arranged in a line, with their backs turned to the tumulus. The heads of the statues have rolled down to the terrace in front, but the bodies still stand erect.
These gigantic statues with dimensions of 10 m (32 ft), are the statues of Apollon, Tyche, Zeus, of Antiochos himself and of Heracles. Statues of eagles and lions are placed on the two sides of these and, on the low walls adjacent to the two sides of the terrace, there are inscriptions which explain how the ceremonies were performed. The statues on the western terrace are arranged in the same sequence. On the side of this terrace, there are many relieves. The relief discovered in Arsameia, capital of Commagene and located in the village of Kocahisar near the Stream of Kahta describes Mithradates and Heracles shaking hands and is a very interesting piece. The epitaph in the grave chamber of Mithradates the I. which contains an inscription of 256 lines, is also interesting. The Bridge of Cendere over the Stream of Kahta was built during the Roman Period. There is a second tumulus on the mount named Karakus, at a distance of about 10 km (6.2 miles) to this bridge. It is believed that this tumulus had belonged to the ladies of the court. Mount Nemrut, which can be considered as the eighth wonder of the world, is an interesting place to visit because of its impressive appearance and the unique beauty of the sunrise there.
Thursday, December 18, 2008
Turkey Bergama
Pergamon was a small settlement during the Archaic Period. Lysimachos, who had become the sovereign of Anatolia after 301 B.C., delivered the war expenditures, at the amount of 9000 talents, to Philetairos who was the commander of Pergamon, and the kingdom founded by Philetar by using this sum of money following Lysimachos's death, flourished and became the most eminent center of culture of the Hellenistic period during 150 years
Eumenes the I., Attales the I. and Eumenes the II. were enthroned successively after Philetairos. Eumenes the II. took acropolis of Athens as an example and had the acropolis of Pergamon adorned with works of art which reflected fine taste, and Pergamon became one of the most graceful cities of the world. Attales the III. who succeeded Attales the II., handed over his land to in 133 B.C.
In Acropolis, the remains that we see on the left hand side while entering the ruins, are the monumental tombs built for the kings of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period. Shops are situated at their side. When we enter the Acropolis, the remains seen at our left side, are the foundations of Propylon which Eumenes the II. had ordered to be constructed. Today, this Propylon has been reconstructed at the Museum of Berlin. From here, we pass to a square surrounded with three stoas of the Doric order. This is the abode of Sacred Athena, built during the time of Eumenes the II. The Temple of Athena built in the 3rd century B.C., is just above the theater. The famous Library of Pergamon which contained 200.000 books, was situated north of the square. As it is already known, Antonius had made a present of this library to Cleopatra. The remains near the library, are the remains of houses belonging to the Hellenistic period. When we turn back and go up the stairs, the remains of the palaces of Eumenes the II. and Attales the II. are seen. Towards the inside of the Acropolis, there are houses, military barracks and, at the farthest end, there are military warehouses called "Arsenals". The building that has been restored at present, is the Temple of Trajan. Emperer Hadrian (117-138) had this temple constructed in the Corinthian order and it was placed upon a terrace with dimensions of 68 x 58 m. Attempts have been continuing since the year 1976 to erect this temple which has 6 x 9 columns and a peripteros
The Theater of Pergamon, one of the steepest theaters in the world, has the capacity to include 10.000 people and had been constructed in the 3rd century B.C. The theater underwent changes during the Roman period. There is a stoa 246.5 m long and approximately 16 m wide in front of the theater. The road in front of the theater leads to the Temple of Dionysos. The temple had been constructed in the 2nd century B.C. and was reconstructed in marble during Caracalla period (211-217 A.D.) and its dimensions are 11.80 x 20.22 m. The temple, which arouses interest because of the staircase in front with a height of 4.5 m and 25 steps, has an exquisite appearance.
The famous Altar of Zeus in Pergamon is on the south of the theater. Eumenes the II. (197-159 B.C.) had it constructed as a memorial of the victory attained against the Galatians. This Altar has the shape of a horseshoe and its dimensions are 36.44 x 34.20 m. It is composed of four parts and the high reliefs on it describe the war between the giants and the gods. The Altar which was taken away from Pergamon in the year 1871 and carried to Germany by the German engineer Carl Humann, is exhibited at the Museum of Berlin, in a manner conforming to its original. On the south of the Altar, the Agora belonging to the 2nd century B.C., is situated. At the extreme north end of the Agora, there is the Temple of Agora. Downwards in the Acropolis, the central city is placed; and inside Pergamon, there is the Temple of Serapis, built for the Egyptian Gods and called the Red Courtyard by the people. This is a basilica shaped building constructed during the period of Hadrian, and its magnificent form attracts attention today. The museum is in Pergamon and Asklepieion is out of the city. It is comprehended that Asklepieion, built in the name of the God of Health, has existed since the 4th century B.C., and it contains premises such as the theater, rooms where the patients were cured by the sound of water and music, the Temple of Asklepie and the library. A road turns off into the direction of the city of Rome. An Amphitheatre for 50.000 people is situated here.
Turkey Topkapı Palace
Foreword
During the course of my tenure as Director General for the National Palaces in Istanbul, it was often necessary to explore the depths of the Ottoman palaces. On one hand I was involved in getting the Dolmabahce and Beylerbeyi Palaces ready to be opened to the public and on the other I was having the palace archives catalogued. From the documents I read, I became aware just how rich the six centuries of Ottoman history were and I never failed to be amazed by the works remaining from that period.
In my capacity as President of the Turkish Association of Tourism Authors and Journalists, I came to really appreciate the necessity of familiarizing the whole world with the magnificent life and riches of this great empire.
For this reason I have thought it appropriate to prepare this book in order to better acquaint you with the wealth of history and art we have inherited from the six centuries of Ottoman rule.
This Prestigious book was published to commemorate the 700 th anniversary of the founding of the Ottoman Empire (1299-1999).
In the course of my preparation of this book, I received the close interest and attention of Dr. Hulya Tezcan, head of the Sultan's Garments Section, Goksen Sonat, Hulya Tuncay and Nurdan Erbahar, head of the Antique Chinese Porcelains Section, as well as of those in charge of many other sections. I wish to acknowledge the assistance provided by Mrs. Zumrut Aksit, an art historian who also happens to be my wife, and I offer my thanks to those who took the photographs, as redactor Ali Afyon and to all those whose efforts contributed to the publication of this book.
Turkey Topkapi Palace
Foreword
During the course of my tenure as Director General for the National Palaces in Istanbul, it was often necessary to explore the depths of the Ottoman palaces. On one hand I was involved in getting the Dolmabahce and Beylerbeyi Palaces ready to be opened to the public and on the other I was having the palace archives catalogued. From the documents I read, I became aware just how rich the six centuries of Ottoman history were and I never failed to be amazed by the works remaining from that period.
In my capacity as President of the Turkish Association of Tourism Authors and Journalists, I came to really appreciate the necessity of familiarizing the whole world with the magnificent life and riches of this great empire.
For this reason I have thought it appropriate to prepare this book in order to better acquaint you with the wealth of history and art we have inherited from the six centuries of Ottoman rule.
This Prestigious book was published to commemorate the 700 th anniversary of the founding of the Ottoman Empire (1299-1999).
In the course of my preparation of this book, I received the close interest and attention of Dr. Hulya Tezcan, head of the Sultan's Garments Section, Goksen Sonat, Hulya Tuncay and Nurdan Erbahar, head of the Antique Chinese Porcelains Section, as well as of those in charge of many other sections. I wish to acknowledge the assistance provided by Mrs. Zumrut Aksit, an art historian who also happens to be my wife, and I offer my thanks to those who took the photographs, as redactor Ali Afyon and to all those whose efforts contributed to the publication of this book.
Turkey Aspendos
Turning off the Antalya-Alanya road at kilometer 30 in the direction of the village of Belkis we come to the best-preserved ancient theater in Turkey. According to Strabo, the city of Aspendos was founded by colonists who came from Argos under the leadership of Mopsos. Coins minted in the 4th and 5th centuries B.C. give the city's name as Estwediya. (Aspendos had the distinction of being the only city besides Side that coined money in its own name at that early period.) For a while, the city was a member of the Athenian maritime alliance (the Delian League). A naval battle was fought off Aspendos in 469 B.C. during which the Persian fleet was defeated by the forces of the Athenian general Cimon. Despite this however we see Aspendos being used as a Persian base in 411 B.C. With Alexander's defeat of the Persians in 334 B.C., Aspendos was freed of Persian rule. It was ruled by various Hellenistic period kings following the death of Alexander and like most other cities in Asia Minor it came under Roman rule in 133 B.C. The city particularly flourished in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. In the 5th century the city's name was changed to Primupolis. Aspendos was badly affected by the Arab incursions in the 8th century. The Seljuks, who arrived in the area in the 12th century, appear to have made use of some of the ancient structures, the theater being among Perge: the spectator's seats are also set on vaults. To the south of the theater are the remains of a gymnasium and baths now in ruins.If we ascend to the acropolis on the hill above the theater from the path connecting the theater and stadium we pass through the eastern of the city's three gates into the ruins of the city proper. Proceeding west from this gate, we come upon a basilica, part of which was used for government and civic affairs and as a courthouse. Much of this section is still standing. The triple-nave basilica extending 105 meters to the west was a commercial building while the agora lay to its west. The agora was surrounded by public buildings. West of the agora is a covered marketplace measuring 70 meters in length. The front was open consisting of a row of shops with a stoa in front. North of the agora are the remains of a nymphaion (fountain) of which only the facade measuring 32.50 meters in length and 15 meters in height remains. This elaborately decorated facade has two rows of niches.
Northwest of the fountain are the remains of the bouleuterion, which was used as the city-state's parliament hall. In the center of the ruin are the traces of the foundations of a monumental arch. At the southern end of the basilica are the remains of exedrae, which served both as pedestals for statues and stone benches for the public.
Another of the remains worth mentioning at Aspendos are the city's magnificent aqueducts, parts of which are in the nearby village and on the site of the ruins.
Perge: the spectator's seats are also set on vaults. To the south of the theater are the remains of a gymnasium and baths now in ruins.If we ascend to the acropolis on the hill above the theater from the path connecting the theater and stadium we pass through the eastern of the city's three gates into the ruins of the city proper. Proceeding west from this gate, we come upon a basilica, part of which was used for government and civic affairs and as a courthouse. Much of this section is still standing. The triple-nave basilica extending 105 meters to the west was a commercial building while the agora lay to its west. The agora was surrounded by public buildings. West of the agora is a covered marketplace measuring 70 meters in length. The front was open consisting of a row of shops with a stoa in front. North of the agora are the remains of a nymphaion (fountain) of which only the facade measuring 32.50 meters in length and 15 meters in height remains. This elaborately decorated facade has two rows of niches.
Northwest of the fountain are the remains of the bouleuterion, which was used as the city-state's parliament hall. In the center of the ruin are the traces of the foundations of a monumental arch. At the southern end of the basilica are the remains of exedrae, which served both as pedestals for statues and stone benches for the public.
Another of the remains worth mentioning at Aspendos are the city's magnificent aqueducts, parts of which are in the nearby village and on the site of the ruins.
El Nazar Church
This church is on the left of the road from Goreme to Avcilar at a distance of 800 m towards the interior surrounded by orchards. The arms of the cross of El Nazar are barrel-vaulted. The central apse opens up on a central space at the intersection of the transepts. The lateral apses had had to be carved in the rock at a later epoch. The greater part of the ground floor and the central apse have collapsed.
The frescoes represent a series of chronological scenes from the life of Jesus Christ some of which are in a sorry plight namely: Annunciation, Visitation, Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, Flight to Egypt, Presentation of Jesus in the Temple, Pursuit of Elizabeth, Baptism, Raising of Lazarus, Transfiguration, Entry into Jerusalem, Jesus Christ on the Cross, Anastasis, Ascension.
Assos (Behramkale)
Assos was originally founded by Aeolian colonists from Lesbos in the 7th century B.C. In the 6th century B.C. it came under the rule of the Lydians and with their defeat at the hands of the Persians in 546 B.C., the city came under Persian rule. Ariobarzanes, the Persian governor who rebelled against King Artaxerxes was defeated at Assos in 365 B.C. and he was replaced by Euboulos, a prominent banker. He was succeeded by the eunuch Hermias, one of Plato's students and it was because of this association that Hermias's friend Aristotle stayed with him for three years at Assos (348-345 B.C.).
In 334 B.C. Assos was taken by Alexander, and the city was part of the Pergamon kingdom from 241 to 133 B.C. after which it came under Roman rule. Assos was ruled by Byzantium after 395 A.D. During this period it was known as Makhram. (It is believed that "Behramkale", the name of the village above Assos, is derived from this.) Assos became an Ottoman possession during the reign of Murad I (1359-1389). The acropolis was defended by a double wall. The inner walls appear to have been repaired in Medieval and Ottoman times and have been restored. Beside them is a mosque built during the reign of Murad I. The bridge below, which is no longer usable, was also built in the 14th.
The Temple of Athena was built on a site with a magnificent view overlooking the sea at a height of 238 meters. At present only a few of the temple's columns are standing but restoration work is in progress. The temple was built some time around 530 B.C. It is constructed of andesite rather than marble and has 6 by 13 columns and measure 14 by 30 meters in size. The acropolis is surrounded by a wall three kilometers in length. These walls are skillfully constructed of stone and reach 20 meters in height in some places. There are two big gates, one on the west and another on the east, as well as seven smaller gates. The walls were reinforced with numerous towers and were built in 365 B.C. (The polygonal walls we see here and there predate the 4th century however.)
We shall begin our tour of the city proper by entering through the main gate on the west. Just outside the western gate is a necropolis containing tombs from Hellenistic and Roman times. The arched structure here is the monumental tomb of Publius Varius. Entering through the gate we see the defensive towers located on either side. On the left side after entering the gate is the Assos gymnasium. Measuring 32 by 40 meters, this gymnasium is the form of a courtyard surrounded on four sides by colonnades. On the northern side of the courtyard is a cistern.
The gymnasium is a work of the 2nd century B.C. A bit beyond this one comes to the Assos agora located on a terrace the foot of the acropolis. Its northern boundary is a double-story Doric-order stoa measuring 111.52 m long and 12.42 m wide. (The holes that one sees in the rear wall of the stoa are where the beams supporting the upper story were once set). The stoa on the southern side had three stories but owing to the slope of the terrain, the top floor was built on a level with the first floor of the northern stoa. The middle floor and basement opened only to the south while the top floor provided a view of both the agora and the sea. This was undoubtedly a favorite promenade place for the inhabitants. The middle story contained thirteen shops while in the basement there were two cisterns and thirteen bathrooms. Between the two stoas on the western side of the agora there were Hellenistic-period shops and next to them a temple built in the 2nd century B.C. Below the agora is the Assos theater. Originally built in 3rd century B.C., it was altered in Roman times and is now in ruins.
Bodrum (Halicarnassos)
Situated on a beautiful peninsula, Bodrum, home of the famous Greek historian Herodotus, is these days better known as a popular holiday resort. Enchanting villages of white painted houses trimmed with purple bougainvillea together with miles of sandy beaches and ideal locations for water sports.
On the southern coast of the peninsula lie the golden sandy beaches at Bardakci, Gumbet, Bitez, Ortakent Yalisi, Karaincir, Bagla and Akyarlar, while on the western side are Gumusluk, Yalikavak and Turgut Reis.
For those who want seclusion, the northern coast boasts Turkbuku, Golkoy and Gundogan - all small simple fishing villages, ideal for those who want a subdued and relaxing atmosphere.
While the nights in Bodrum town itself are noisy, crowded and vital, these smaller villages offer cozy taverns and restaurants over-looking quiet bays and can all be reached easily by car or even by boat.
Alanya Turkey
Alanya is a touristic centre on Turkey's Mediterranean coast, 135 kilometers east of Antalya Excavations have shown that the Alanya area was inhabited as early as prehistoric times. Alanya first appears in the 2nd century B.C. as a pirate lair and it was known then as Korakesion. The Romans later captured the town in their campaign to suppress piracy in the eastern Mediterranean. It came under rule after 395
In 1220 the Seljuk sultan Alaeddin Keykubad I took the city and had the great castle and dockyards built. Known then as Alaiye, a name derived from that of the sultan, the city was used by the Seljuks as their naval base in the Mediterranean and it remained an important military post in Ottoman times. A century later the Arab traveller Ibn Battuta visited Alanya and described it thus: The city of Alaiye is a large town on the seacoast. It is inhabited by Turkomans and is visited by the merchants of Cairo, Alexandria, and Syria. The district is well-wooded and wood is exported from there to Alexandria and Damietta, whence it is carried to the other cities of Egypt. There is a magnificent and formidable citadel, built by Sultan Alaeddin at the upper end of the town.
The "magnificent and formidable citadel" was built by Alaeddin Keykubad I in 1226 on the site of an earlier fortress. (Strabo refers to one being here in Roman times.) It consists of three sections: an inner keep, the central castle, and an external redoubt.
The inner keep contains cisterns, the ruins of a Seljuk palace, a fresco-decorated courtyard, military fortifications, and a Byzantine chapel in the middle. At the northwestern corner is a place where prisoners condemned to death were hurled over the precipice by means of catapults.
The central castle contains a masjid built in 1230 by Aksebe Sultan as well as her tomb. Suleymaniye Mosque was originally constructed in 1231 but was rebuilt during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent when an Ottoman arasta (row of shops) was added. There is also a 17th century Ottoman khan. Located on the outer walls of the castle is Kizil Kule (Red Tower), so called because of the red bricks used in its construction. This octagonal structure was built in 1227 and stands in all its magnificence even today. (It is particularly impressive when illuminated at night.) Adjacent to the tower are the dockyards where five vessels could be worked on at a time. Next to the dockyards is a tower called Tophane Kule (Arsenal Tower) where cannons were cast during Ottoman times.
Nearby close to the seashore is a cave called Damlatas. The humid air inside this cave is supposed to be good for those suffering from asthmatic problems. Alanya's archaeological museum contains numerous interesting works and is well worth a visit. Owing to its vital importance as a naval base, Alanya was connected by roads that went east and west and into the hinterland. (The Seljuk capital was up country in Konya.
Cappadocia (Kapadokya)
Cappadocia is a picture drawn on the earth by nature, it is a poem. Cappadocia, which is situated within the triangle of Nevsehir, Aksaray and Kayseri is bounded by Erciyes with a height of 3,916 m (12,848 ft) in the east and by Hasandag, a volcanic mountain of 3,253 m (10,673 ft) high in the south. The tough rocks, formed by the lava spurted by these two mountains during geological times, had kept on taking constantly changing shapes with kind effects during the course of time, and the wonders of the world of today were created.
During the early times of the spread of Christianity, the people who needed to hide themselves from the Arab raids, carved out these tough rocks thus constructing churches and built underground cities to defend themselves against the raids.
The settlements in Cappadocia had come into existence, mostly in the valleys of Goreme, Ihlara and Soganli. The people who had settled here, worshipped in the churches that they carved out of the rocks, and they dealt with agriculture to meet their own needs. The water sources in the valleys made this region productive. The most intensive settlement was in the vicinity of the township of Goreme. It is possible to see many churches together today in the locality made into an open air museum.
Let us begin discussing the churches in Cappadocia, by describing the churches in this open air museum. In Goreme, at a distance of 7 km (4.3 miles) from Urgup, the first ancient structure that appears in front of us is the Maidens Monastery. The monastery, belonging to the first half of the 11th century, and is an interesting building of six stores. The Chapel of St. Basil is situated on the opposite side of the promenade road in the museum. The Church with Apple, one of the most important churches in Goreme, appears in sight thereafter. The church, planned in the shape of a closed Greek cross, ends with three abscissas. The church belongs to the 12th century and the frescos in it display the scenes based on the contents of the Bible and also inspired by the Pentateuch. The Church of St. Barbara is situated beyond the Church with Apple. In this church which belongs to the first half of the 11th century and the descriptions of Pontacrator Christ, Georgios, Theodoros and Saint Barbara are worthy of attention.
The Church with Snake, situated here, also belongs to the 11th century and the scene of Deisis is displayed on its long wall. Descriptions of Saint Onesimos Georgios, Theodoros, Constantine and Helena are seen here. On the rocky mass that heightens from the south of the open air museum towards the west of it, there are monasteries grouped together and 8 churches, 7 dining halls, grave chambers and wine factories. The church which is situated here, has two stores and the frescos inside have been recently restored and fortified. The events included in the contents of the Bible and the Pentateuch, are described in vivid colors in the frescos.
The Church with Sandals (Carikli Kilise) is situated at the extreme north of the valley. The Church with Sandals belongs to the 12th century, has a dining hall under it, and there descriptions of the scenes from Christ's life and from the Pentateuch inside the church. The church with Buckle, located on the road to Goreme, consists of four sites namely: The Old Church, The New Great Church, The adjoining chapel and the church underneath.
The Old Church, forms the entrance of the New Church today, and it is decorated with the descriptions which are dated to the 10th century and concern Christ's life. The New Church which has a rectangular plan, is decorated with the descriptive scenes from Christ's childhood adolescence and showing the sorrows of his life. This church is dated to the end of the 10th century. The annexed chapel and the church underneath, belong to the following period. At a distance of 300 m from the zone of the museum, there is the Church of Virgin Mary; and the Church of El Nazar, belonging to the 10th century and the Hidden Church are situated at the left hand side on the way to the township of Goreme.
The missile-shaped fairy Chimneys within the Zemi Deresi near these churches, create very interesting scenery. There are many churches in the township of Goreme, such as Yusuf Koc, Durmus Kadir. While traveling in Goreme, the fortresses of Uchisar and Ortahisar suddenly appear in front of you as a magnificent sight. Here, the Valley of Guvercinlik is so beautiful that one doesn't get tired of watching it.
Aktepe and the Valleys of Uchisar, Kiliclar, Uzundere are places which display very interesting sights. The Pink Valley, placed between Avanos and Urgup arouses interest by reason of its natural scenery. The Church of Cavusin, situated on the road of Avanos at a distance of 2 km to Goreme, is decorated with frescos belonging to the 11th century. One can walk from Cavusin to the Valleys of Gulludere and Kizilcukur. The 12 churches in this region can also be visited during this walk that will be a pleasant thing for you to remember. We come across interesting scenery in Bagli Deresi which extends towards Killik or Kaya Harmani in the north of Avanos-Goreme road and towards Uchisar in the south of it. The locality called Cinnes on the road to Zelve past Cavusin and the locality named Pasabagi or Kesisler Vadisi (Valley of Monks) are also worth seeing.
Zelve is a region which extends towards the interiors of a hill called Aktepe where there are about 15 churches. There are many underground cities in Cappadocia too. Within these soft rocks carved out as a means of defense against the enemy, interesting underground cities were formed, and all kinds of needs could be met in them. The most important ones among them are the cities of Kaymakli, Derinkuyu and Ozkonak and there are underground cities in many other places too. In addition to the Valley of Goreme, there are churches of importance in the Valley of Soganli too. Churches such as Karabas, Yilanli, Kubbeli and Gok Kilise are situated in this valley which are at a distance of 30 km (18 miles) to Urgup.
In the Valley of Ihlara which is arrived at by diverging from the Aksaray-Nevsehir road, there are 36 churches each one of which is more interesting than the other. When one descends the steps and reaches the valley at the end of the road, the Churches of Agacalti, Sumbullu, Kokar and Yilanli can be seen in the Open Air Museum of Ihlara. The other churches of importance such as those of Egritas, Purenliseki, Karagedik, Kirkdamalti, Bahattin Samanligi and Ala Kilise are also situated in this valley.The Church of Gumusler belonging to the 11th century and are located at a distance of 7 km (4.3 miles) to Nigde, is a church of interesting appearance. The Churches called Yuksek Kilise and Kizil Kilise which are located in Guzelyurt, are made of stone.
Here are the 50 reasons to visit Turkey Ready to say "wow"? Go on then
1) The famous Trojan Wars took place in Western Turkey, around the site where the Trojan horse rests today.
2) The first church built by man (St. Peter's Church) is in Antioch (Antakya), Turkey.
3) The oldest known human settlement is in Catalhoyuk, Turkey (7th Millenium B.C.)
4) Ephesus and Halicarnasus - two of the most famous places of the ancient world - are all in Turkey.
5) St. Nicholas, also known as Santa Clause, was born in Demre, on Turkey's Mediterranean Coast.
6) Noah's Ark landed on Mount Ararat (Agri Dagi) in Eastern Turkey.
7) The last meal on Noah's Ark, a pudding of sweet and sour taste (asure), is still served throughout Turkey.
8) Turks introduced coffee to Europe.
9) Turks gave the Dutch their famous tulips.
10) Istanbul is the only city in the world built on two continents.
11) Tradition in Turkey says that a stranger at one's doorstep is considered "God's guest" for at least three days.
12) Turkey is noted for having one of the three most famous and distinctive traditional cuisines in the world.
13) The First Ecumenical Council was held in Iznik, Turkey.
14) Writing was first used by people in ancient Anatolia. The first clay tablets - in the ruins of Assyrian Karum (Merchant Colony - date back to 1950 B.C.).
15) The oldest tin mine was found in Goltepe, 60 miles south of Tarsus.
16) The first Neolithic paintings found on man-made walls are in Catalhoyuk, Turkey.
17) Anatolia is the birthplace of historic legends, such as Homer (the poet), King Midas, Heredotus (the father of history), and St. Paul the Apostle.
18) Julius Caesar proclaimed his celebrated words, "Veni, Vidi, Vici (I came, I saw, I conquered)" in Turkey when he defeated the Pontus, a formidable kingdom in the Black Sea region of Turkey.
19) Female goddesses dominated the Central Anatolian pantheon for thousands of years before these supernatural powers were transformed to male gods.
20) The Hittites sold Abraham the cave where he buried his wife Sarah, when the Israelites came to Palestine.
21) Virgin Mary's house where she spent her last days situated on the top of Bülbüldag (Ephesus) and it is considered as a holy place for all religions.
22) Seven Churches of Revelation are all in Aegean Region in Turkey.
23) The Siren Rocks are in Foca which Homeros mentiones in history.
24) You can watch the spectacular view of Oludeniz while paragliding from Mt. Babadag as well.
25) The richest flora is in Turkey and almost every year new plant species are gained to the world literature.
26) The spa which cures almost all type of illness having the best quality is in Balcova (Agamemnon) Izmir.
27) You won't be able to have a blue voyage like the one you can have on Aegean coast in any part of the world.
28) That's why the color "Turquoise" which belongs to Turkish resorts can only be seen in Aegean and Mediterranean coast in Turkey.
29) There is a lift in Izmir on the street where the famous singer Dario Moreno lived; it is the unique lift in the world that you pay for being transported from one region to another of the city.
30) The second biggest covered fun fair of Europe is in Istanbul.
31) Antalya Museum was rewarded specially by European Council to become the best museum in 1988 in Europe.
32) In Antalya, in the spring time you can both ski & swim.
33) There is a golf club in Belek having international standards.
34) UNESCO declares Pamukkale and Zelve Open Air Museum as world heritages.
35) The millienum stone at Sultanahmet Istanbul was the zero meridian point of the world once upon a time.
36) Kasikci diamond is the greatest piece of the world and is displayed inTopkapi Palace.
37) Sultanahmet, (The Blue Mosque) is the only mosque in the world having six minarets.
38) Having 26.5 m width. and 50 m. height, Süleymaniye (the Blue Mosque) is one of the masterpieces of architecture in the world.
39) Three of the 10 remaining icons of the world and according to the belief of Orthodox, Jesus Christ's cross which he was crucified are in Hagia Yorghi church.
40) Hereke which is in the world carpeting literature with the quality of the wool and silk rugs is in Izmit (Kocaeli).
41) Safranbolu houses which are very famous all around the world are 100 and 450 years old.
42) Homeland of Iskender Döner (Gyro) which is very famous all around the world is Bursa.
43) Turkish Raki (Lion's Milk) and finest Turkish wine is served at all the world-famous restaurants.
44) Iznik tiles is one of the most valuable collections antique markets.
45) The philosopher Aristotales lived in Assos for three years.
46) Lydia which is one of the greatest civilization lived in Anatolia has still got some remainings around Salihli (Sardis) and it's the first civilization which coined money.
47) Dionysos Temple which is the symbol of antic era was built in Teos.
48) Virgin Mary's House is in Ephesus and it is visited by Pope the 6th Paul and Pope Jean Paul as well.
49) The world's greatest amphora and glass collection is in Bodrum Museum in Bodrum Castle.
50) This is for us: Deren Koray Tourism (D&K) is the only firm serves homestay programs both in Turkey and abroad.
Wednesday, December 17, 2008
Turkey Holiday Guide South Aegean
OVERWIEW
The best time to tour the Aegean is probably in May, when the countryside is still swathed in spring flowers and the more popular tourist destinations have not become too crowded (Bodrum in particular can become very hot and crowded during July and August). During the summer several of the towns along the coast host open-air concerts and plays, the most famous of which are held in the old Greek theater at Ephesus. Although the fall is also a good time to travel, most of the countryside is parched rather than carpeted with flowers.
Turkey is one place to which the phrase "East meets West" really applies. Although 97% of Turkey's landmass is in Asia, Turkey began facing West politically in 1923, when Atatürk founded the modern republic. He transformed the remnants of the shattered Ottoman Empire into a secular state with a Western outlook.
The legacies of the Greeks, Romans, Ottomans, and numerous other civilizations have made Turkey a vast outdoor museum. The most spectacular of the reconstructed classical sites are along the Aegean Coast, stretching from the northern border with Greece south to Bodrum. The treasures include the 3,000-year-old ruins of Troy, made famous by the poet Homer; the ruins of the fabled city of Pergamum, on its windswept hilltop; and the magnificent temples, colonnaded streets, and theater in Ephesus. The Aegean Coast also lures travelers with long stretches of magnificent sandy beaches. Its pine-clad hills are punctuated by old port villages -- Foça, Çesme, Kusadasi, Bodrum -- some reincarnated as modern resorts with sophisticated facilities for travelers.In the 2nd century AD, the Greek travel writer Pausanias wrote glowingly of the Aegean Coast, lauding its climate and magnificent buildings. Not all the wonders Pausanias mentioned are visible today, but enough are left to give you a good idea of what life was like when this part of the world could fairly have been called the center of the universe.
Weather Chart
The following are the normal daily temperature ranges for the Aegean Coast:
The best time to tour the Aegean is probably in May, when the countryside is still swathed in spring flowers and the more popular tourist destinations have not become too crowded (Bodrum in particular can become very hot and crowded during July and August). During the summer several of the towns along the coast host open-air concerts and plays, the most famous of which are held in the old Greek theater at Ephesus. Although the fall is also a good time to travel, most of the countryside is parched rather than carpeted with flowers.
Turkey is one place to which the phrase "East meets West" really applies. Although 97% of Turkey's landmass is in Asia, Turkey began facing West politically in 1923, when Atatürk founded the modern republic. He transformed the remnants of the shattered Ottoman Empire into a secular state with a Western outlook.
The legacies of the Greeks, Romans, Ottomans, and numerous other civilizations have made Turkey a vast outdoor museum. The most spectacular of the reconstructed classical sites are along the Aegean Coast, stretching from the northern border with Greece south to Bodrum. The treasures include the 3,000-year-old ruins of Troy, made famous by the poet Homer; the ruins of the fabled city of Pergamum, on its windswept hilltop; and the magnificent temples, colonnaded streets, and theater in Ephesus. The Aegean Coast also lures travelers with long stretches of magnificent sandy beaches. Its pine-clad hills are punctuated by old port villages -- Foça, Çesme, Kusadasi, Bodrum -- some reincarnated as modern resorts with sophisticated facilities for travelers.In the 2nd century AD, the Greek travel writer Pausanias wrote glowingly of the Aegean Coast, lauding its climate and magnificent buildings. Not all the wonders Pausanias mentioned are visible today, but enough are left to give you a good idea of what life was like when this part of the world could fairly have been called the center of the universe.
Weather Chart
The following are the normal daily temperature ranges for the Aegean Coast:
January 36-49°F (2-9°C); February 36-50°F (2-10°C); March 38-56°F (3-13°C); April 45-67°F (7-19°C); May 54-74°F (12-23°C); June 59-83°F (15-28°C); July 63-88°F (17-31°C); August 63-88°F (17-31°C); September 58-81°F (14-27°C); October 52-72°F (11-22°C); November 47-63°F (8-17°C); December 40-52°F (4-11°C).
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Turkey Holiday Guide East and South Anatolia
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EASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA
With its high mountain ranges, plateaus, plains and lakes, its creek and river beds splashed with hues of purple, brown, gray, yellow and red, and some of the best Turkish architecture anywhere, this region of Anatolia is like a historical documentary on ancient life. Sivas, Divrigi, Erzurum, Battalgazi, Harput, and Ahlat, all cities situated in this region, were important centers of Selçuk art. In Eastern Anatolia are the cities of Agri, Bingöl, Bitlis, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Hakkari, Kars, Malatya, Mus, Tunceli, Van, Ardahan and Igdir, while in Southeastern Anatolia the larger cities are Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Gaziantep, Mardin, Siirt, Sanliurfa, Batman, Sirnak and Kilis. Erzurum is located on a large plain at an altitude of 1950 meters. In the city, there are many religious schools, tombs and mosques from both the Selçuk and Ottoman period which are well-worth seeing. The city of Kars in the northeast is famous for its castle and nearby Ocakli (Ani) is a historical city with rich architecture from the 10th and 11th centuries.Mount Ararat (Agri Dagi), whose peak soars up 5165 meters is important for a number of different faiths. It is believed that after the Flood, in which all humanity was destroyed, the ark of Noah came to rest on Mount Ararat and as the waters receded Noah and his family settled on the nearby Plain of Igdir. As their numbers increased, they eventually spread along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to other parts of Anatolia. Accordingly, Igdir is seen as the center from which the second generation of humanity multiplied and again spread over the world. The magnificent palace complex of Ishak Pasa, which looks down upon Dogubeyazit, was built in the later part of the 17th century by the Ottoman governor, Ishak Pasa. The site of the castle is superb and it is made up of a kitchen unit, a mosque and separate womens and mens quarters.As the Tigris and Euphrates flow towards the plains of Mesopotamia, they pass through an important region of Anatolia. Some of the bigger cities in this region are Diyarbakir, Mardin, Adiyaman, Sanli Urfa and Gazi Antep. The region is the oldest cultural settlement center in Anatolia. North of Diyarbakir is Cayonu, the most important neolithic settlement of the area. The basalt walls of Diyarbakir, which are more than 5 kilometers in length, have the distinction of being the longest city walls in the country. Mardin is one of the few cities in the country which has actually preserved its traditional aesthetic architecture. It is a unique site not only because of its well-maintained state but also because of its unusual location on top of a hill. The prophet Abraham, who is the father of 3 different faiths, is believed to have lived in Sanli Urfa and Harran and so they are considered holy places. The Ataturk Dam, built in the town of Bozova near Sanli Urfa is the biggest in Turkey and 4th largest in the world. The lake is surrounded with beautiful scenic sites. The Plain of Harran with its vast farmland will be the most productive agricultural region of the country. Gazi Antep is the most important industrial and agricultural area in southeastern Anatolia. We doubt that any visitor who has come all the way to Gazi Antep will leave without first having tasted the famous local varieties of kebap, lahmacun and baklava or without buying a few packages of Antep pistachios for friends and relatives.
To the northeast of Adiyaman, on top of Mount Nemrut (Nemrut Dagi) is the mausoleum made for the Commagene King, Antiochus I. On the east and west of the memorial grave site are ritual terraces and on these terraces are gigantic statues of the gods. The best time to see Mount Nemrut is at sunset. Malatya is an important industrial and agricultural region on the lower Euphrates. It is famous for its apricots and the 13th century Ulu Cami mosque in Battalgazi with its beautiful glazed tiles. Lake Van is Anatolia's beauty center. In order to see all of this beauty, it is absolutely essential that a tour of the entire lake be made, during which time the beautiful mountain silhouettes, bays, beaches, islands and important Turkish cultural and art centers may be seen. The city of Van, which lies on the southeastern shores of the lake, was the capital city of the Urartu empire. The Van Castle, which was built by the Urartus around 1000 BC, is a dynamic example of the age in which it was built and is definitely worth seeing. South of Van, the city of Edremit is a poplar vacation getaway famous for its beaches, camping spots and restaurants. On the island of Akdamar is located the Akdamar Museum, which was originally a 10th century church.
To the northeast of Adiyaman, on top of Mount Nemrut (Nemrut Dagi) is the mausoleum made for the Commagene King, Antiochus I. On the east and west of the memorial grave site are ritual terraces and on these terraces are gigantic statues of the gods. The best time to see Mount Nemrut is at sunset. Malatya is an important industrial and agricultural region on the lower Euphrates. It is famous for its apricots and the 13th century Ulu Cami mosque in Battalgazi with its beautiful glazed tiles. Lake Van is Anatolia's beauty center. In order to see all of this beauty, it is absolutely essential that a tour of the entire lake be made, during which time the beautiful mountain silhouettes, bays, beaches, islands and important Turkish cultural and art centers may be seen. The city of Van, which lies on the southeastern shores of the lake, was the capital city of the Urartu empire. The Van Castle, which was built by the Urartus around 1000 BC, is a dynamic example of the age in which it was built and is definitely worth seeing. South of Van, the city of Edremit is a poplar vacation getaway famous for its beaches, camping spots and restaurants. On the island of Akdamar is located the Akdamar Museum, which was originally a 10th century church.
Turkey Holiday Guide Central Anatolia
OVERWIEW
This central region of the country hosts a number of interesting sites. Currently the center of modern Turkey's political life, it has been the center of a number of important culture and civilizations in the past. The cities located in this region are Ankara, Çankırı, Eskisehir, Kayseri, Kirsehir, Konya, Nevsehir, Nigde, Sivas, Yozgat, Aksaray, Karaman and Kirikkale. The capital city of Ankara is located squarely in the middle of Central Anatolia. The most visually impressive structure in the city is the Anitkabir mausoleum built for Ataturk. Ataturk founded the modern Republic of Turkey by winning the War for Independence and then made Ankara its capital. Ankara is a city planned and developed for the modern world. The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations located in Ankara is among the best museums in the country. In the museum are exhibits from Anatolian civilizations starting from 50,000 BC and moving forward according to eras until the 2nd century AD.In the area surrounding Ankara can be found important settlements of early Anatolian civilizations. The Hittites migrated to the Anatolian plateau from the Caucus Mountains and set up the first kingdom in history to encompass the whole of Anatolia from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and from the Aegean Sea stretching east. The capital of the Hittite Empire Hattushash (now Bogazkale) and the second largest city Shapinuva are both located northeast of Ankara in the province of Çorum. Hattushash with its massive walls was a city of temples. Reliefs of all of the gods and goddesses of the Hittites can be seen in the open air temple in Yazilikaya near the Hattushash. Yazilikaya was an important pantheon of the Hittites. Alacahoyuk is another important Hittite settlement found near Hattushash. Alacahöyük is known for the sphinxes which can be seen at the city gates.Sometime in the 1200 BC, the Phrygians came to the Anatolian Plateau from Europe. The Phrygian capital, Gordion, was established near Polatli west of Ankara. Alexander the Great is supposed to have become the ruler of Asia by virtue of 'undoing' Gordion's knot with his sword. The tomb of the Phrygian king Midas, who according to legend turned everything he touched into gold, is located near Gordion. Near Eskisehir and Afyon there are a number of Phrygian cities and worship centers. Now let's head down to vast fertile Konya Plain on the northern slopes of the Taurus Mountains. Catalhöyük, one of the worlds oldest cities is located here. This city, located southeast of Konya, belongs to the Neolithic Era and was an important cultural center with many temples decorated with frescoes by city artisans. Konya and the surrounding regions would later be ruled during the Chalcolithic, Bronze, Hittite, Phrygian, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine eras. It became the capital city of the Selçuk in the 12th century AD and consequently experienced the most important "Renaissance" period of its long history. In the 13th century, Konya was completely redecorated with Selçuk architecture. The great Turkish philosopher Mevlana, who built his philosophy on human love and believed that mystical unity with God could be reached by means of the 'Sema', a whirling dance to music performed by the dervishes, lived in Konya and developed a following here.
This central region of the country hosts a number of interesting sites. Currently the center of modern Turkey's political life, it has been the center of a number of important culture and civilizations in the past. The cities located in this region are Ankara, Çankırı, Eskisehir, Kayseri, Kirsehir, Konya, Nevsehir, Nigde, Sivas, Yozgat, Aksaray, Karaman and Kirikkale. The capital city of Ankara is located squarely in the middle of Central Anatolia. The most visually impressive structure in the city is the Anitkabir mausoleum built for Ataturk. Ataturk founded the modern Republic of Turkey by winning the War for Independence and then made Ankara its capital. Ankara is a city planned and developed for the modern world. The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations located in Ankara is among the best museums in the country. In the museum are exhibits from Anatolian civilizations starting from 50,000 BC and moving forward according to eras until the 2nd century AD.In the area surrounding Ankara can be found important settlements of early Anatolian civilizations. The Hittites migrated to the Anatolian plateau from the Caucus Mountains and set up the first kingdom in history to encompass the whole of Anatolia from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and from the Aegean Sea stretching east. The capital of the Hittite Empire Hattushash (now Bogazkale) and the second largest city Shapinuva are both located northeast of Ankara in the province of Çorum. Hattushash with its massive walls was a city of temples. Reliefs of all of the gods and goddesses of the Hittites can be seen in the open air temple in Yazilikaya near the Hattushash. Yazilikaya was an important pantheon of the Hittites. Alacahoyuk is another important Hittite settlement found near Hattushash. Alacahöyük is known for the sphinxes which can be seen at the city gates.Sometime in the 1200 BC, the Phrygians came to the Anatolian Plateau from Europe. The Phrygian capital, Gordion, was established near Polatli west of Ankara. Alexander the Great is supposed to have become the ruler of Asia by virtue of 'undoing' Gordion's knot with his sword. The tomb of the Phrygian king Midas, who according to legend turned everything he touched into gold, is located near Gordion. Near Eskisehir and Afyon there are a number of Phrygian cities and worship centers. Now let's head down to vast fertile Konya Plain on the northern slopes of the Taurus Mountains. Catalhöyük, one of the worlds oldest cities is located here. This city, located southeast of Konya, belongs to the Neolithic Era and was an important cultural center with many temples decorated with frescoes by city artisans. Konya and the surrounding regions would later be ruled during the Chalcolithic, Bronze, Hittite, Phrygian, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine eras. It became the capital city of the Selçuk in the 12th century AD and consequently experienced the most important "Renaissance" period of its long history. In the 13th century, Konya was completely redecorated with Selçuk architecture. The great Turkish philosopher Mevlana, who built his philosophy on human love and believed that mystical unity with God could be reached by means of the 'Sema', a whirling dance to music performed by the dervishes, lived in Konya and developed a following here.
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